Amrit Priyadarshi: January 2014

Wednesday, 29 January 2014

TE COMPUTER

SPOS Lab Program

Scheduling Algorithm

#include<stdio.h>

void FIFO();
void SJF();
void RR();

int main()
{
    int ch;

    do
    {
        printf("\n\n MENU\n 1.FIFO\n2.SJF\n3.RR\n4.exit\n\t\n");
        printf("\n\n Enter your choice");
                printf("\n\n");
        scanf("\n\n%d",&ch);

        switch(ch)
        {
            case 1:FIFO();
                   break;
            case 2:SJF();
                   break;
            case 3:RR();
                   break;
            case 4:
                             exit(0);
                        default:

                printf("\n\tINVALID CHOICE ENTERED.\n");
        }
    }while(ch!=4);
    return(0);
      }
      void FIFO()
      {
    int p[10],wt=0,bt=0,b[10],n,i,avf,tr[10];
    float sum=0,sum1=0,avwt,avbt;
    printf("\n Enter how many processes:");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("\n Enter process & burst time:");
        scanf("%d%d",&p[i],&b[i]);
    }
    printf("\n Process\t\tBurst time");
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
    printf("\n%d\t\t%d",p[i],b[i]);
    }
    printf("\n Waiting time of P0:%d",wt);
    for(i=1;i<n;i++)
    {
        wt=wt+b[i];
        printf("\n Waiting time of processed %d :%d",i,wt);
        sum=sum+wt;
    }
    avwt=sum/n;
    printf("\n Avg waiting time=%0.2f",avwt);
    wt=0;
    f#include<stdio.h>

void FIFO();
void SJF();
void RR();

int main()
{
    int ch;

    do
    {
        printf("\n\n MENU\n 1.FIFO\n2.SJF\n3.RR\n4.exit\n\t\n");
        printf("\n\n Enter your choice");
                printf("\n\n");
        scanf("\n\n%d",&ch);

        switch(ch)
        {
            case 1:FIFO();
                   break;
            case 2:SJF();
                   break;
            case 3:RR();
                   break;
            case 4:
                             exit(0);
                        default:

                printf("\n\tINVALID CHOICE ENTERED.\n");
        }
    }while(ch!=4);
    return(0);
      }
      void FIFO()
      {
    int p[10],wt=0,bt=0,b[10],n,i,avf,tr[10];
    float sum=0,sum1=0,avwt,avbt;
    printf("\n Enter how many processes:");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("\n Enter process & burst time:");
        scanf("%d%d",&p[i],&b[i]);
    }
    printf("\n Process\t\tBurst time");
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
    printf("\n%d\t\t%d",p[i],b[i]);
    }
    printf("\n Waiting time of P0:%d",wt);
    for(i=1;i<n;i++)
    {
        wt=wt+b[i];
    or(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        bt=bt+wt+b[i];

Reader-Writer Problem with Multithreading

        printf("\n Waiting time of process %d:%d",i,bt);
            sum1=sum1+bt;
    }
    avbt=sum1/n;
    printf("\n Average turn around time=%0.2f",avbt);

}
void SJF()
{
    int p[10],wt,bt,b[10],n,i,j,avf,temp,temp1,tr[10];
    float sum=0,sum1=0,avwt=0,avbt=0;
    printf("\nEnter the no. of processes:");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("\n Enter process & burst time:");
        scanf("%d%d",&p[i],&b[i]

Reader-Writer Problem with Multithreading

);
    }
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
        {
            if(b[i]>b[j])
            {
                temp=b[i];
                b[i]=b[j];
                b[j]=temp;
                temp1=p[i];
                p[i]=p[j];
                p[j]=temp1;
            }
        }
    }
    printf("\n Process\t\tBurst time");
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
    printf("\n%d\t\t%d",p[i],b[i]);
    }
    wt=0;
    printf("\n Waiting time of P0:%d",wt);
    for(i=1;i<n;i++)
    {
        wt=wt+b[i];
        printf("\n Waiting time of processed %d :%d",i,wt);
        sum=sum+wt;
    }
    avwt=sum/n;
    printf("\n Avg waiting time=%0.2f",avwt);
    wt=0;
    bt=0;
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        bt=bt+wt+b[i];
        printf("\n Turn around time of process%d: %d",i,bt);
            sum1=sum1+bt;
    }
    avbt=sum1/n;
    printf("\n Average turn around time=%0.2f",avbt);
   }
void RR()
{
       int st[10],bt[10],wt[10],tat[10],n,tq;
       int i,count=0,swt=0,stat=0,temp,sq=0;
       float awt=0.0,atat=0.0;
       printf("\n Enter no of process:");
       scanf("%d",&n);
       printf("\n Enter burst time for sequence:");
       for(i=0;i<n;i++)
       {
        scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
        st[i]=bt[i];
       }
       printf("\n Enter time quantum:");
       scanf("%d",&tq);
       while(1)
       {
    for(i=0,count=0;i<n;i++)
    {
         temp=tq;
         if(st[i]==0)
         {
        count++;
        continue;
         }
         if(st[i]>tq)
         st[i]=st[i]-tq;
         else
         if(st[i]>=0)
         {
        temp=st[i];
        st[i]=0;
         }
         sq=sq+temp;
         tat[i]=sq;
    }
    if(n==count)
    break;
     }
     for(i=0;i<n;i++)
     {
    wt[i]=tat[i]-bt[i];
    swt=swt+wt[i];
    stat=stat+tat[i];
     }
     awt=(float)swt/n;
     atat=(float)stat/n;
     printf("\n Process no. Burst time   Wait time   Turn around time");
     for(i=0;i<n;i++)
     printf("\n%d     %d    %d    %d",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
     printf("\nAvg wait time is %f \navg turn around is %f",awt,atat);
}

//Experiment No.1 :Pass-I of an Assembler :

....................................................O/P................................................

[root@localhost ~]# cc sc.c
sc.c: In function ‘main’:
sc.c:27: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function ‘exit’
[root@localhost ~]# ./a.out

MENU
1.FIFO
2.SJF
3.RR
4.exit

Enter your choice

1

Enter how many processes:5

Enter process & burst time:19

2

Enter process & burst time:2 2
5
Enter process & burst time:3 5

Enter process & burst time:4 3

Enter process & burst time:5 2

Process                Burst time
19              2
2               2
3               5
4               3
5               2
Waiting time of P0:0
Waiting time of processed 1 :2
Waiting time of processed 2 :4
Waiting time of processed 3 :9
Waiting time of processed 4 :12
Avg waiting time=5.40
Waiting time of process 1:2
Waiting time of process 2:4
Waiting time of process 3:9
Waiting time of process 4:12
Waiting time of process 5:14
Average turn around time=8.20

MENU
1.FIFO
2.SJF
3.RR
4.exit

Enter your choice

2

Enter the no. of processes:1 9

Enter process & burst time:2 2

Process                Burst time
9               2
Waiting time of P0:0
Avg waiting time=0.00
Turn around time of process1: 2
Average turn around time=2.00

MENU
1.FIFO
2.SJF
3.RR
4.exit

Enter your choice

Enter the no. of processes:2

Enter process & burst time:5 6

Enter process & burst time:7 8

Process                Burst time
5               6
7               8
Waiting time of P0:0
Waiting time of processed 1 :6
Avg waiting time=3.00
Turn around time of process1: 6
Turn around time of process2: 14
Average turn around time=10.00

MENU
1.FIFO
2.SJF
3.RR
4.exit

Enter your choice

3

Enter no of process:3

Enter burst time for sequence:6 7
9

Enter time quantum:10

Process no. Burst time   Wait time   Turn around time
1     6    0    6
2     7    6    13
3     9    13    22
Avg wait time is 6.333333
avg turn around is 13.666667

MENU
1.FIFO
2.SJF
3.RR
4.exit

Enter your choice

//Experiment No.1 :Pass-I of an Assembler :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

struct MOTtable
{
    char Mnemonic[6];

    int Class;

    char Opcode[3];
};

struct symboltable
{
    char Symbol[8];

    int Address;

    int Size;

}ST[20];

struct literaltable

{
    int Literal;

    int Address;

}LT[10];

int PT[20];
struct intermediatecode
{
    int LC;

    int Code1,Type1;

    int Code2,Type2;

    int Code3,Type3;

}IC[30];

static struct MOTtable MOT[28]={{"STOP",1,"00"},{"ADD",1,"01"},{"SUB",1,"02"},

               {"MULT",1,"03"},{"MOVER",1,"04"},{"MOVEM",1,"05"},

               {"COMP",1,"06"},{"BC",1,"07"},{"DIV",1,"08"},

               {"READ",1,"09"},{"PRINT",1,"10"},

               {"START",3,"01"},{"END",3,"02"},{"ORIGIN",3,"03"},

               {"EQU",3,"04"},{"LTORG",3,"05"},

               {"DS",2,"01"},{"DC",2,"02"},

               {"AREG",4,"01"},{"BREG",4,"02"},{"CREG",4,"03"},

               {"EQ",5,"01"},{"LT",5,"02"},{"GT",5,"03"},{"LE",5,"04"},

               {"GE",5,"05"},{"NE",5,"06"},{"ANY",5,"07"}};

int nMOT=28; //Number of entries in MOT
int LC=0;    //Location counter
int iPT;     //Index of next entry in Pool Table
int iLT=0;   //Index of next entry in Literal Table
int iST=0;   //Index of next entry in Symbol Table
int iIC=0;   //Index of next entry in intermediate code table

int searchST(char symbol[])
   {
      int i;

      for(i=0;i<iST;i++)

        if(strcmp(ST[i].Symbol,symbol)==0)

             return(i);

      return(-1);
   }

int searchMOT(char symbol[])

   {
      int i;

      for(i=0;i<nMOT;i++)

    if(strcmp(MOT[i].Mnemonic,symbol)==0)

        return(i);

      return(-1);

   }

int insertST( char symbol[],int address,int size)
    {
       strcpy(ST[iST].Symbol,symbol);

       ST[iST].Address=address;

       ST[iST].Size=size;

       iST++;

       return(iST-1);
    }

void imperative();     //Handle an executable statement

void declaration();    //Handle a declaration statement

void directive();     //Handle an assembler directive

void print_symbol();    //Display symbol table

void print_pool();    //Display pool table

void print_literal();    //Display literal table

void print_opcode();     //Display opcode table

void intermediate();     //Display intermediate code

char s1[8],s2[8],s3[8],label[8];

void LTORG();        //Handle LTORG directive

void DC();         //Handle declaration statement DC

void DS();         //Handle declaration statement DS

void START();        //Handle START directive

int tokencount;     //total number of words in a statement

void main()
{
    char file1[40],nextline[80];

    int len,i,j,temp,errortype;

    FILE *ptr1;

    clrscr();

    printf("\nenter Source file name:");

    gets(file1);

    ptr1=fopen(file1,"r");

    while(!feof(ptr1))

    {
        //Read a line of assembly program and remove special characters

        i=0;

        nextline[i]=fgetc(ptr1);

        while(nextline[i]!='\n'&& nextline[i]!=EOF )

            {
                if(!isalnum(nextline[i]))

                    nextline[i]=' ';
                else
                    nextline[i]=toupper(nextline[i]);

                i++;

                nextline[i]=fgetc(ptr1);

            }

        nextline[i]='\0';

//if the nextline is an END statement

        sscanf(nextline,"%s",s1); //read from the nextline in s1

        if(strcmp(s1,"END")==0)

              break;

//if the nextline contains a label

        if(searchMOT(s1)==-1)

             {
            if(searchST(s1)==-1)

                insertST(s1,LC,0);

            //separate opcode and operands

            tokencount=sscanf(nextline,"%s%s%s%s",label,s1,s2,s3);

            tokencount--;
             }
        else
            //separate opcode and operands

            tokencount=sscanf(nextline,"%s%s%s",s1,s2,s3);

        if(tokencount==0)//blank line

              continue;//goto the beginning of the loop

        i=searchMOT(s1);

        if(i==-1)

        {
            printf("\nWrong Opcode .... %s",s1);

            continue;

        }

        switch (MOT[i].Class)

           {
            case 1:    imperative();break;

            case 2: declaration();break;

            case 3: directive();break;

            default: printf("\Wrong opcode ...%s",s1);

                break;
           }

    }
LTORG();

print_symbol();

getch();

print_pool();

getch();

print_literal();

getch();

print_opcode();

getch();

intermediate();

getch();
}

void imperative()
{
    int index;

    index=searchMOT(s1);

    IC[iIC].Type1=IC[iIC].Type2=IC[iIC].Type3=0; //intialize

    IC[iIC].LC=LC;

    IC[iIC].Code1=index;

    IC[iIC].Type1=MOT[index].Class;

    LC=LC+1;

    if(tokencount>1)

      {
    index=searchMOT(s2);

    if(index != -1)

       {

        IC[iIC].Code2=index;

        IC[iIC].Type2=MOT[index].Class;

       }

    else

       {   //It is a variable

           index=searchST(s2);

           if(index==-1)

            index=insertST(s2,0,0);

        IC[iIC].Code2=index;

        IC[iIC].Type2=7; //VALUE 7 IS FOR VARIABLES

       }
      }
    if(tokencount>2)

      {
    if(isdigit(*s3))

         {
        LT[iLT].Literal=atoi(s3);

        IC[iIC].Code3=iLT;

        IC[iIC].Type3=8; //VALUE 8 IS FOR LITERAL TYPE

        iLT++;

         }
    else
         {
        index=searchST(s3);

        if(index==-1)

            index=insertST(s3,0,0);

        IC[iIC].Code3=index;

        IC[iIC].Type3=7; //VALUE 7 IS FOR VARIABLES

         }

      }

   iIC++;
}

void declaration()
{
   if(strcmp(s1,"DC")==0)
     {
    DC();
    return;
     }
   if(strcmp(s1,"DS")==0)
    DS();
}

void directive()
{
    if(strcmp(s1,"START")==0)
       {
    START();
    return;
       }
    if(strcmp(s1,"LTORG")==0)
    LTORG();

}

void LTORG()
{
    int i,index;
    for(i=PT[iPT];i<iLT;i++)
    {
        LT[i].Address=LC;

        index=searchMOT("DC");

        IC[iIC].Type1=IC[iIC].Type2=IC[iIC].Type3=0; //intialize

        IC[iIC].LC=LC;

        IC[iIC].Code1=index;

        IC[iIC].Type1=MOT[index].Class;

        IC[iIC].Type2=6;        //6 IS TYPE FOR CONSTANTS

        IC[iIC].Code2=LT[i].Literal;

        LC=LC+1;

        iIC++;
    }
     iPT++;

     PT[iPT]=iLT;

}
void DC()
{
    int index;

    index=searchMOT(s1);

    IC[iIC].Type1=IC[iIC].Type2=IC[iIC].Type3=0; //intialize

    IC[iIC].LC=LC;

    IC[iIC].Code1=index;

    IC[iIC].Type1=MOT[index].Class;

    IC[iIC].Type2=6;        //6 IS TYPE FOR CONSTANTS

    IC[iIC].Code2=atoi(s2);

    index=searchST(label);

    if(index==-1)

        index=insertST(label,0,0);

    ST[index].Address=LC;

    ST[index].Size=1;

    LC=LC+1;

    iIC++;

}
void DS()
{
    int index;

    index=searchMOT(s1);

    IC[iIC].Type1=IC[iIC].Type2=IC[iIC].Type3=0; //intialize

    IC[iIC].LC=LC;

    IC[iIC].Code1=index;

    IC[iIC].Type1=MOT[index].Class;

    IC[iIC].Type2=6;        //6 IS TYPE FOR CONSTANTS

    IC[iIC].Code2=atoi(s2);

    index=searchST(label);

    if(index==-1)

        index=insertST(label,0,0);

    ST[index].Address=LC;

    ST[index].Size=atoi(s2);

    LC=LC+atoi(s2);

    iIC++;
}

void START()
{
int index;

index=searchMOT(s1);

IC[iIC].Type1=IC[iIC].Type2=IC[iIC].Type3=0; //intialize

IC[iIC].LC=LC;

IC[iIC].Code1=index;

IC[iIC].Type1=MOT[index].Class;

IC[iIC].Type2=6;        //6 IS TYPE FOR CONSTANTS

IC[iIC].Code2=atoi(s2);

LC=atoi(s2);

iIC++;

}

void intermediate()
{     int i;
    char decode[9][3]={" ","IS","DL","AD","RG","CC","C","S","L"};
    printf("\n\nIntermediate Code :");
    for(i=0;i<iIC;i++)
    {
        printf("\n%3d)   (%s,%2s)",IC[i].LC,decode[IC[i].Type1]
                    ,MOT[IC[i].Code1].Opcode);
        if(IC[i].Type2!=0)
           {
              if(IC[i].Type2<6)
                printf(" (%s,%2s)",decode[IC[i].Type2]
                        ,MOT[IC[i].Code2].Opcode);
              else
                   printf(" (%s,%2d)",decode[IC[i].Type2]
                        ,IC[i].Code2);
           }
        if(IC[i].Type3!=0)
                   printf(" (%s,%2d)",decode[IC[i].Type3]
                        ,IC[i].Code3);
    }
}
void print_symbol()
{
    int i;
    printf("\*******symbol table ***********\n");
    for(i=0;i<iST;i++)
        printf("\n%10s %3d   %3d",ST[i].Symbol,ST[i].Address
                    ,ST[i].Size);
}
void print_pool()
{
    int i;
    printf("\npool table *********\n");
    for(i=0;i<iPT;i++)
        printf("\n%d",PT[i]);
}
void print_literal()
{
    int i;
    printf("\nliteral table*******\n");
    for(i=0;i<iLT;i++)
        printf("\n%5d\t%5d",LT[i].Literal,LT[i].Address);
}
void print_opcode()
{
    int i;
    printf("\nopcode table *************");
    for(i=0;i<nMOT;i++)
        if(MOT[i].Class==1)
               printf("\n%6s   %2s",MOT[i].Mnemonic,MOT[i].Opcode);

}

********* Input / Output ******************

enter Source file name:xx.asm

*******symbol table ***********

        L1 100     0
         X 108     1
         Y 109     2

pool table *********

0
2

literal table*******

    5     103
    2     104
    4     111

opcode table *************
STOP   00
   ADD   01
   SUB   02
MULT   03
MOVER   04
MOVEM   05
COMP   06
    BC   07
   DIV   08
READ   09
PRINT   10

Intermediate Code :
0)   (AD,01) (C,100)
100)   (IS,04) (RG,01) (L, 0)
101)   (IS,05) (RG,02) (S, 1)
102)   (IS,02) (RG,01) (L, 1)
103)   (DL,02) (C, 5)
104)   (DL,02) (C, 2)
105)   (IS,04) (RG,01) (S, 2)
106)   (IS,07) (CC,07) (S, 0)
107)   (IS,01) (RG,03) (L, 2)
108)   (DL,02) (C, 5)
109)   (DL,01) (C, 2)
111)   (DL,02) (C, 4)

Contents of the file xx.asm
----------------------------
START 100
L1 MOVER AREG,=5
    MOVEM BREG X
    SUB   AREG,=2
    LTORG
    MOVER AREG Y
    BC any,L1
    ADD CREG,4
X   DC 5
Y   DS 2
    END

Tuesday, 28 January 2014

SE Comp. Engg. Computer Graphics Lab Program

Assignment no: 01

//Aim:Writing a C/C++ Program to emulate CPU Architecture (Central Bus) Develop register, ALU level GUI to display results.

#include<iostream>

#include<graphics.h>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int x,y;

int poly[10];

int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

setcolor(WHITE);

poly[0]= 50;

poly[1]= 50;

poly[2]= 600;

poly[3]= 50;

poly[4]= 600;

poly[5]= 600;

poly[6]= 50;

poly[7]= 600;

poly[8]=poly[0];

poly[9]=poly[1];

drawpoly(5,poly);

rectangle(65,100,150,140);

outtextxy(95,115,"ALU");

line(150,120,180,120);

rectangle(180,100,380,140);

outtextxy(200,120,"SEQUENCE CONTROLLER");

rectangle(410,100,550,160);

outtextxy(422,107,"GENERAL");

outtextxy(422,122,"PURPOSE");

outtextxy(422,136,"REGISTER");

rectangle(410,220,550,250);

outtextxy(422,228,"CACHE MEMORY");

rectangle(210,180,350,220);

outtextxy(240,190,"PROGRAM");

outtextxy(240,205,"COUNTER");

line(280,140,280,180);

rectangle(65,280,200,250);

outtextxy(85,255,"INSTRUCTION");

outtextxy(85,268,"REGISTER");

rectangle(65,340,200,310);

outtextxy(85,315,"INSTRUCTION");

outtextxy(85,328," DECODER");

line(50,420,600,420);

line(50,450,600,450);

outtextxy(220,430,"ADDRESS & DATA BUS");

outtextxy(190,460,"BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF CPU");

line(105,140,105,250);

line(260,380,260,420);

line(320,380,320,420);

delay(10000);

closegraph();

return 0;

}

........................................................................................................

Assignment no: 02

//Aim:Writing a C++ class for displaying pixel or point on the screen.

#include<iostream>

#include<graphics.h>

using namespace std;

class pixel

{

private:

int xc,yc,cl;

public:

pixel()

{

xc=yc=0;

cl=15;

}

void setcor(int x,int y)

{

xc=x;

yc=y;

}

void setcolor(int p)

{

cl=p;

}

void draw()

{

putpixel(xc,yc,cl);

}

};

int main()

{

int x1,y1,cl1,ch;

char a;

int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

pixel p1;

{

cout<<" 1.PIXEL BY HARDCOADED VALUE..";

cout<<"\n2.ACCEPTING CO-ORDINATES..";

cout<<"\n3.DRAWING PIXEL ON SCREEN..";

cout<<"\nEnter your choice??";

cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

{

case 1:

p1.setcor(50,50);

p1.setcolor(2);

p1.draw();

break;

case 2:

cout<<"\nEnter Your X & Y co-ordinates??";

cin>>x1>>y1;

p1.setcor(x1,y1);

cout<<"\nEnter Color For Pixel??";

cin>>cl1;

p1.setcolor(cl1);

break;

case 3:

p1.draw();

break;

}

cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n??";

cin>>a;

}while(a!='n');

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}

--------------------------------------------------------

OUTPUT:

gescoe@gescoe-VirtualBox:~/Desktop/04$ g++ a02.cpp -o a02 -lgraph

gescoe@gescoe-VirtualBox:~/Desktop/04$ ./a02

1.PIXEL BY HARDCOADED VALUE..

2.ACCEPTING CO-ORDINATES..

3.DRAWING PIXEL ON SCREEN..

Enter your choice

DO U Want To Continue y OR n??y

1.PIXEL BY HARDCOADED VALUE..

2.ACCEPTING CO-ORDINATES..

3.DRAWING PIXEL ON SCREEN..

Enter your choice??2

Enter Your X & Y co-ordinates??50

100

Enter Color For Pixel??4

DO U Want To Continue y OR n??y

1.PIXEL BY HARDCOADED VALUE..

2.ACCEPTING CO-ORDINATES..

3.DRAWING PIXEL ON SCREEN..

Enter your choice??3

DO U Want To Continue y OR n??n

............................................................................................

Assignment no: 03

//Write a C++ class for a Line drawing method using overloading DDA and Bresenham’s Algorithms, inheriting the pixel or point.

#include<graphics.h>

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class pt //base class

{

protected: int xco,yco,color;

public:

pt()

{

xco=0;yco=0;color=15;

}

void setco(int x,int y)

{

xco=x;

yco=y;

}

void setcolor(int c)

{

color=c;

}

void draw()

{ putpixel(xco,yco,color);

}

};

class dline: public pt //derived class

{

private: int x2,y2;

public:

dline():pt()

{

x2=0,y2=0;

}

void setline(int x, int y, int xx, int yy)

{

pt::setco(x,y);

x2=xx;

y2=yy;

}

void drawl() //Bresenham's Line

{

float x,y,dx,dy,e,temp;

int i,s1,s2,ex;

dx=abs(x2-xco);

dy=abs(y2-yco);

x=xco;

y=yco;

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

if(x2 > xco) //sign() function

{

s1=1;

}

if(x2 < xco)

{

s1=-1;

}

if(x2 == xco)

{

s1=0;

}

if(y2 > yco)

{

s2=1;

}

if(y2 < yco)

{

s2=-1;

}

if(y2 == yco)

{

s2=0;

}

if(dy > dx)

{

temp = dx;

dx = dy;

dy = temp;

ex = 1;

}

else

{

ex=0;

}

e=2*dy-dx; //decision variable

i=1;

{

while(e>=0)

{

if(ex==1)

{

x = x + s1;

}

else

{

y = y + s2;

}

e = e + 2*dy - 2*dx;

}

if(ex==1)

{

y = y + s2;

}

else

{

x = x + s1;

}

e = e + 2*dy;

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

i = i + 1;

}while(i<=dx);

}

void drawl(int colour) //DDA Line

{

float x,y,dx,dy,len;

int i;

pt::setcolor(colour);

dx=abs(x2-xco);

dy=abs(y2-yco);

if(dx >= dy)

{

len=dx;

}

else

{

len=dy;

}

dx=(x2-xco)/len;

dy=(y2-yco)/len;

x = xco + 0.5;

y = yco + 0.5;

i=1;

while(i<=len)

{

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

x = x + dx;

y = y + dy;

i = i + 1;

cout<<"\ti"<<i;

cout<<"\tx"<<x;

cout<<"\ty "<<y<<endl;

}

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

}

};

int main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;

int ch,x1,y1,x2,y2, xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid;

char a;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

pt p;

dline dda;

xmax = getmaxx();

ymax = getmaxy();

xmid = xmax /2;

ymid = ymax /2;

line(xmid,0,xmid,ymax); //Y co-ordinate

line(0,ymid,xmax,ymid); //X co-ordinate

{

xmax = getmaxx();

ymax = getmaxy();

xmid = xmax /2;

ymid = ymax /2;

cout<<"1.DDA LINE..";

cout<<"\n2.BRESENHAM'S LINE..";

cout<<"\n3.EXIT..";

cout<<"\nEnter your choice: ";

cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

{

case 1:

cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;

cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;

cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;

cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;

dda.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);

dda.drawl(15);

break;

case 2:

cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;

cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;

cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;

cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;

dda.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);

dda.drawl();

break;

case 3:

exit;

break;

}

cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";

cin>>a;

}while(a!='n');

delay(3000);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 04

//Aim:Write a C++ class for a circle drawing inheriting line class.

#include<graphics.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

using namespace std;

class dline   //base class
{
    protected: int x1,y1,x2,y2, colour;
    public:
    dline()
    {
        x1=0; y1=0; x2=0, y2=0;
    }
    void setcolor(int color)
        {
        colour =color;
    }

    void setline(float x1,float y1, float xx,float yy)

    {
        x1=x1; y1=y1; x2=xx, y2=yy;
    }

    void drawl(float x1,float y1, float xx,float yy) //Simple DDA Line
    {
        float x,y,dx,dy,len;
        int i;
        dx=abs(x2-x1);
        dy=abs(y2-y1);

        if(dx >= dy)
        {

            len=dx;
        }
        else
        {
            len=dy;
        }
        dx=(x2-x1)/len;
        dy=(y2-y1)/len;
        x = x1 + 0.5;
        y = y1 + 0.5;
        i=1;
        while(i<=len)
        {
            putpixel(x,y,colour);
            x = x + dx;
            y = y + dy;
            i = i + 1;
        }

    }
};
class mcircle:public dline
    {
    private: int x0,y0;
    public:
    mcircle():dline()
    {
       x0=0;y0=0;
    }


    void drawc(float x1, float y1, int r)
    {
       int i, x, y;
       float d;
       x=0, y=r;
       d = 1.25 - r;            //decision variabel
       dline::setline(x,y,x,y);
       do
       {


          dline::drawl(x1+x, y1+y,x1+x, y1+y);
                     dline::drawl(x1+y, y1+x,x1+y, y1+x);
                     dline::drawl(x1+y, y1-x,x1+y, y1-x);
                      dline::drawl(x1+x, y1-y,x1+x, y1-y);
                     dline::drawl(x1-x, y1-y,x1-x, y1-y);
                 dline::drawl(x1-y, y1-x,x1-y, y1-x);
                       dline::drawl(x1-y, y1+x,x1-y, y1+x);
                       dline::drawl(x1-x, y1+y,x1-x, y1+y);


           if(d<0)
           {
               x = x + 1;
               d = d + (2*x) + 3;
           }
           else
           {
               x = x + 1;
               y = y - 1;
               d = d + (2*x-2*y) + 3;
           }

       }while(x<=y);
    }

};

int main()
{

    int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    int i, x, y, r, xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid;

    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);
    dline l;
    mcircle c;

       cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    l.setcolor(15);
    c.drawc(x,y,r);

    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}
................................................................................................................................

#include<graphics.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

using namespace std;

class dline   //base class
{
    protected: int x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2, colour;
    public:
    dline()
    {
        x1=0; y1=0; x2=0, y2=0;
    }
    void setcolor(int color)
        {
        colour =color;
    }

    void setoff1(int xx,int yy)
    {
        x0=xx;
        y0=yy;
    }
    void setline(float x1,float y1, float xx,float yy)

    {
        x1=x1+x0; y1=y0-y1; x2=xx+x0, y2=y0-yy;
    }

    void drawl(float x1,float y1, float xx,float yy) //Simple DDA Line
    {
        float x,y,dx,dy,len;
        int i;
        dx=abs(x2-x1);
        dy=abs(y2-y1);

        if(dx >= dy)
        {

            len=dx;
        }
        else
        {
            len=dy;
        }
        dx=(x2-x1)/len;
        dy=(y2-y1)/len;
        x = x1 + 0.5;
        y = y1 + 0.5;

          putpixel(x,y,colour);
            x = x + dx;
            y = y + dy;

    }
};
class mcircle:public dline
    {
    private: int x0,y0;
    public:
    mcircle():dline()
    {
        x0=0;y0=0;
    }
    void setoff(int xx,int yy)
    {
        x0=xx;
        y0=yy;
    }

    void drawc(float x1, float y1, int r)
    {
        int i, x, y;
        float d;
        x=0, y=r;
        d = 1.25 - r;            //decision variabel
        dline::setline(x,y,x,y);
        do
        {


        dline::drawl(x1+x0+x, y0-y1+y,x1+x0+x, y0-y1+y);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0+y, y0-y1+x,x1+x0+y, y0-y1+x);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0+y, y0-y1-x,x1+x0+y, y0-y1-x);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0+x, y0-y1-y,x1+x0+x, y0-y1-y);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0-x, y0-y1-y,x1+x0-x, y0-y1-y);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0-y, y0-y1-x,x1+x0-y, y0-y1-x);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0-y, y0-y1+x,x1+x0-y, y0-y1+x);
            dline::drawl(x1+x0-x, y0-y1+y,x1+x0-x, y0-y1+y);


            if(d<0)
            {
                x = x + 1;
                d = d + (2*x) + 3;
            }
            else
            {
                x = x + 1;
                y = y - 1;
                d = d + (2*x-2*y) + 3;
            }

        }while(x<=y);
    }

};

int main()
{

    int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    int i, x, y, r, xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid;
    char a;

    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);
    dline l;
    mcircle c;
    xmax = getmaxx();
        ymax = getmaxy();
        xmid = xmax /2;
        ymid = ymax /2;

        line(xmid,0,xmid,ymax); //Y co-ordinate
        line(0,ymid,xmax,ymid); //X co-ordinate

   do
   {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    l.setoff1(xmid, ymid);
    l.setcolor(15);
    c.drawc(x,y,r);

    cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";
    cin>>a;
    }while(a!='n');

    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 05

//Aim:Write a program in C/C++ to draw a circle of desired radius.

#include<graphics.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
class circle
    {
    private: int x0,y0;
    public:
    circle()
    {
        x0=0;y0=0;
    }

    void setoff(int xx,int yy)
    {
        x0=xx;
        y0=yy;
    }

    void drawdc(float x, float y, int r) //DDA Circle
    {
        float x1,y1,x2,y2,startx,starty,ep;
        int i,val;

        x1=r*cos(0); //Initialize starting point
        y1=r*sin(0);

        startx = x1;
        starty = y1;

        i=0;
        do
        {
            val = pow(2,i);
            i++;
        }while(val<r);
        ep = 1/pow(2,i-1); //calculation of epsilon

        do
        {
            x2 = x1 + y1*ep;
            y2 = y1 - x2*ep;
            putpixel(x0+x+x2, y0-(y+y2),15);
            x1 = x2;
            y1 = y2;
        }while((y1 - starty) < ep || (startx - x1) > ep);
    }
    void drawbc(int x1, int y1, int r) //Bresenham's Circle
    {
        int i, x, y;
        float d;
        x=0, y=r;
        d = 3 - 2*r;            //decision variable

        do
        {

            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1+y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1+y,15);


            if(d<=0)
            {
                x = x + 1;
                d = d + (4*x) + 6;
            }
            else
            {
                x = x + 1;
                y = y - 1;
                d = d + (4*x-4*y) + 10;
            }

        }while(x<=y);
    }
    void drawmc(float x1, float y1, int r) // Mid point Circle
    {
        int i, x, y;
        float d;
        x=0, y=r;
        d = 1.25 - r;            //decision variable

        do
        {

            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1+y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1+x,15);
#include<graphics.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
class circle
    {
    private: int x0,y0;
    public:
    circle()
    {
        x0=0;y0=0;
    }

    void setoff(int xx,int yy)
    {
        x0=xx;
        y0=yy;
    }

    void drawdc(float x, float y, int r) //DDA Circle
    {
        float x1,y1,x2,y2,startx,starty,ep;
        int i,val;

        x1=r*cos(0); //Initialize starting point
        y1=r*sin(0);

        startx = x1;
        starty = y1;

        i=0;
        do
        {
            val = pow(2,i);
            i++;
        }while(val<r);
        ep = 1/pow(2,i-1); //calculation of epsilon

        do
        {
            x2 = x1 + y1*ep;
            y2 = y1 - x2*ep;
            putpixel(x0+x+x2, y0-(y+y2),15);
            x1 = x2;
            y1 = y2;
        }while((y1 - starty) < ep || (startx - x1) > ep);
    }
    void drawbc(int x1, int y1, int r) //Bresenham's Circle
    {
        int i, x, y;
        float d;
        x=0, y=r;
        d = 3 - 2*r;            //decision variable

        do
        {

            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1+y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1+y,15);


            if(d<=0)
            {
                x = x + 1;
                d = d + (4*x) + 6;
            }
            else
            {
                x = x + 1;
                y = y - 1;
                d = d + (4*x-4*y) + 10;
            }

        }while(x<=y);
    }
    void drawmc(float x1, float y1, int r) // Mid point Circle
    {
        int i, x, y;
        float d;
        x=0, y=r;
        d = 1.25 - r;            //decision variable

        do
        {

            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1+y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1+y,15);


            if(d<0)
            {
                x = x + 1;
                d = d + (2*x) + 3;
            }
            else
            {
                x = x + 1;
                y = y - 1;
                d = d + (2*x-2*y) + 3;
            }
        }while(x<=y);
    }

};
int main()
{
    int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    int i, x, y, r,ch, xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid;
    char a;
    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);
    circle c;
    xmax = getmaxx();
    ymax = getmaxy();
    xmid = xmax /2;
    ymid = ymax /2;

    line(xmid,0,xmid,ymax); //Y co-ordinate
    line(0,ymid,xmax,ymid); //X co-ordinate
    do
    {
     cout<<"\nEnter Cricle Drwaing algorithm";
     cout<<"\n1.DDA..";
     cout<<"\n2.BRESENHAM'S..";
     cout<<"\n3.MID POINT..";
     cout<<"\n4.EXIT..";
     cout<<"\nEnter your choice: ";
    cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
    {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    setcolor(15);
    c.drawdc(x,y,r);
        break;
    }
case 2:
        {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    setcolor(15);
    c.drawbc(x,y,r);
        break;
    }

case 3:
    {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    setcolor(15);
    c.drawmc(x,y,r);
        break;
    }
case 4:
        exit;
    break;
}
cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";
cin>>a;
}while(a!='n');


    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
            putpixel(x1+x0+y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0+x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1-y,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1-x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-y, y0-y1+x,15);
            putpixel(x1+x0-x, y0-y1+y,15);


            if(d<0)
            {
                x = x + 1;
                d = d + (2*x) + 3;
            }
            else
            {
                x = x + 1;
                y = y - 1;
                d = d + (2*x-2*y) + 3;
            }
        }while(x<=y);
    }

};
int main()
{
    int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    int i, x, y, r,ch, xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid;
    char a;
    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);
    circle c;
    xmax = getmaxx();
    ymax = getmaxy();
    xmid = xmax /2;
    ymid = ymax /2;

    line(xmid,0,xmid,ymax); //Y co-ordinate
    line(0,ymid,xmax,ymid); //X co-ordinate
    do
    {
     cout<<"\nEnter Cricle Drwaing algorithm";
     cout<<"\n1.DDA..";
     cout<<"\n2.BRESENHAM'S..";
     cout<<"\n3.MID POINT..";
     cout<<"\n4.EXIT..";
     cout<<"\nEnter your choice: ";
    cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
    {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    setcolor(15);
    c.drawdc(x,y,r);
        break;
    }
case 2:
        {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    setcolor(15);
    c.drawbc(x,y,r);
        break;
    }

case 3:
    {
    cout<<"\n Enter x: "; cin>>x;
    cout<<"\n Enter y: "; cin>>y;
    cout<<"\n Enter radius: "; cin>>r;

    c.setoff(xmid, ymid);
    setcolor(15);
    c.drawmc(x,y,r);
        break;
    }
case 4:
        exit;
    break;
}
cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";
cin>>a;
}while(a!='n');


    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 06

//Aim:Write a program using C/C++ to draw a line with line styles (Thick, Thin, Dotted).

//Line styles using DDA

#include<graphics.h>

#include<iostream>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<math.h>

using namespace std;

class pt //base class

{

protected: int xco,yco,color;

public:

pt()

{

xco=0;yco=0;color=15;

}

void setco(int x,int y)

{

xco=x;

yco=y;

}

void setcolor(int c)

{

color=c;

}

void draw()

{ putpixel(xco,yco,color);

}

};

class dline: public pt //derived class

{

private: int x2,y2;

public:

dline():pt()

{

x2=0,y2=0;

}

void setline(int x, int y, int xx, int yy)

{

pt::setco(x,y);

x2=xx;

y2=yy;

}

void drawsi(int colour) //Simple DDA Line

{

float x,y,dx,dy,len;

int i;

pt::setcolor(colour);

dx=abs(x2-xco);

dy=abs(y2-yco);

if(dx >= dy)

{

len=dx;

}

else

{

len=dy;

}

dx=(x2-xco)/len;

dy=(y2-yco)/len;

x = xco + 0.5;

y = yco + 0.5;

i=1;

while(i<=len)

{

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

x = x + dx;

y = y + dy;

i = i + 1;

}

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

}

void drawda(int colour) //Dash DDA Line

{

float x,y,dx,dy,len;

int i,dash=0;

pt::setcolor(colour);

dx=abs(x2-xco);

dy=abs(y2-yco);

if(dx >= dy)

{

len=dx;

}

else

{

len=dy;

}

dx=(x2-xco)/len;

dy=(y2-yco)/len;

x = xco + 0.5;

y = yco + 0.5;

i=1;

while(i<=len)

{

dash=0;

while(dash<5)

{

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

x = x + dx;

y = y + dy;

i = i + 1;

dash = dash +1;

}

x = x + (2*dx);

y = y + (2*dy);

}

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

}

void drawdo(int colour) //Dotted DDA Line

{ float x,y,dx,dy,len;

int i,dot;

pt::setcolor(colour);

dx=abs(x2-xco);

dy=abs(y2-yco);

if(dx >= dy)

{

len=dx;

}

else

{

len=dy;

}

dx=(x2-xco)/len;

dy=(y2-yco)/len;

x = xco + 0.5;

y = yco + 0.5;

i=1;

while(i<=len)

{

dot=0;

while(dot<5)

{

x = x + dx;

y = y + dy;

i = i + 1;

dot = dot +1;

}

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

}

pt::setco(x,y);

pt::draw();

}

void drawth(int x1,int y1, int x2, int y2,int colour ) //Thick DDA Line

{

float x,y,dx,dy,len;

int i;

dx=abs(x2-x1);

dy=abs(y2-y1);

if(dx >= dy)

{ len=dx;

}

else
{ len=dy;

}

dx=(x2-x1)/len;

dy=(y2-y1)/len;

x = x1 + 0.5;

y = y1 + 0.5;

i=1;

while(i<=len)

{ putpixel(x,y,colour);

x = x + dx;

y = y + dy;

i = i + 1;

}

putpixel(x,y,colour);

}

};

int main()

{

int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;

int i, ch,x1,y1,x2,y2, dx,dy,xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid,wx,wy,th;

char a;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

dline ls;

xmax = getmaxx();

ymax = getmaxy();

xmid = xmax /2;

ymid = ymax /2;

line(xmid,0,xmid,ymax); //Y co-ordinate

line(0,ymid,xmax,ymid); //X co-ordinate

{ xmax = getmaxx();

ymax = getmaxy();

xmid = xmax /2;

ymid = ymax /2;

cout<<"\nEnter Line Styles";

cout<<"\n1.SIMPLE..";

cout<<"\n2.DASH..";

cout<<"\n3.DOTTED..";

cout<<"\n4.THICK..";

cout<<"\n5.EXIT..";

cout<<"\nEnter your choice: ";

cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

{

case 1:

cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;

cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;

cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;

cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;

ls.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);

ls.drawsi(15);

break;

case 2:

cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;

cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;

cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;

cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;

ls.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);

ls.drawda(15);

break;

case 3:

cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;

cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;

cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;

cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;

ls.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);

ls.drawdo(15);

break;

case 4:

cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;

cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;

cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;

cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;

cout<<"Enter Thickness: ";

cin>>th;

ls.drawth(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2,15);

if((y2-y1)/(x2-x1) <1)

{

wy=(th-1)*sqrt(pow((x2-x1),2)+pow((y2-y1),2))/(2*abs(x2-x1));

for(i=0;i<wy;i++)

{

ls.drawth(x1+xmid,ymid-y1-i,x2+xmid,ymid-y2-i,15);

ls.drawth(x1+xmid,ymid-y1+i,x2+xmid,ymid-y2+i,15);

}

else

{

wx=(th-1)*sqrt(pow((x2-x1),2)+pow((y2-y1),2))/(2*abs(y2-y1));

for(i=0;i<wx;i++)

{

ls.drawth(x1+xmid-i,ymid-y1,x2+xmid-i,ymid-y2,15);

ls.drawth(x1+xmid+i,ymid-y1,x2+xmid+i,ymid-y2,15);

}

break;

case 5:

exit;

break;

}

cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";

cin>>a;

}while(a!='n');

delay(3000);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}

gescoe@gescoe-VirtualBox:~/Downloads/cgprogram012$ ./a05

Enter Line Styles

1.SIMPLE..

2.DASH..

3.DOTTED..

4.THICK..

5.EXIT..

Enter your choice:1

Enter x1: 10

Enter y1: 10

Enter x2: 60

Enter y2: 60

DO U Want To Continue y OR n: y

Enter Line Styles

1.SIMPLE..

2.DASH..

3.DOTTED..

4.THICK..

5.EXIT..

Enter your choice: 2

Enter x1: -10

Enter y1: 10

Enter x2: -80

Enter y2: 80

DO U Want To Continue y OR n: y

Enter Line Styles

1.SIMPLE..

2.DASH..

3.DOTTED..

4.THICK..

5.EXIT..

Enter your choice: 3

Enter x1: -10

Enter y1: -10

Enter x2: -100

Enter y2: -100

DO U Want To Continue y OR n: y

Enter Line Styles

1.SIMPLE..

2.DASH..

3.DOTTED..

4.THICK..

5.EXIT..

Enter your choice: 4

Enter x1: 10

Enter y1: -10

Enter x2: 100

Enter y2: -100

Enter Thickness: 10

DO U Want To Continue y OR n: n */
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   //line styles using Bresenham's algo

#include<graphics.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;

class pt   //base class
{

    protected: int xco,yco,color;

    public:
    pt()
    {
       xco=0;yco=0;color=15;
    }

    void setco(int x,int y)
    {
       xco=x;
       yco=y;
    }

    void setcolor(int c)
    {
       color=c;
    }

    void draw()
    {   putpixel(xco,yco,color);

    }

};

class dline: public pt   //derived class
{
    private: int x2,y2;

    public:
    dline():pt()
    {
       x2=0,y2=0;
    }

    void setline(int x, int y, int xx, int yy)
    {
       pt::setco(x,y);
       x2=xx;
       y2=yy;

    }

    void drawsi()   //Bresenham's Line
    {

       float x,y,dx,dy,e,temp;
       int i,s1,s2,ex;

       dx=abs(x2-xco);
       dy=abs(y2-yco);

       x=xco;
       y=yco;

       pt::setco(x,y);
       pt::draw();

       if(x2 > xco) //sign() function
       {
           s1=1;
       }

       if(x2 < xco)
       {
           s1=-1;
       }
                if(x2 == xco)
       {
           s1=0;
       }

       if(y2 > yco)
       {
           s2=1;
       }

       if(y2 < yco)
       {
           s2=-1;
       }
                if(y2 == yco)
       {
           s2=0;
       }

       if(dy > dx)
       {
           temp = dx;
              dx = dy;
              dy = temp;
              ex = 1;
       }
       else
       {
           ex=0;
       }

       e=2*dy-dx; //decision variable

       i=1;
       do
       {
           while(e>=0)
           {

               if(ex==1)
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
               else
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy - 2*dx;

           }
           if(ex==1)
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
               else
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy;

           pt::setco(x,y);
           pt::draw();
           i = i + 1;

       }while(i<=dx);
    }
void drawda() //Dash Line
    {

       float x,y,dx,dy,e,temp;
       int i,s1,s2,ex, dash=0;

       dx=abs(x2-xco);
       dy=abs(y2-yco);

       x=xco;
       y=yco;

       pt::setco(x,y);
       pt::draw();

       if(x2 > xco) //sign() function
       {
           s1=1;
       }

       if(x2 < xco)
       {
           s1=-1;
       }
                if(x2 == xco)
       {
           s1=0;
       }

       if(y2 > yco)
       {
           s2=1;
       }

       if(y2 < yco)
       {
           s2=-1;
       }
                if(y2 == yco)
       {
           s2=0;
       }

       if(dy > dx)
       {
           temp = dx;
              dx = dy;
              dy = temp;
              ex = 1;
       }
       else
       {
           ex=0;
       }

       e=2*dy-dx; //decision variable

       i=1;
       do
       {
           dash=0;
           if(dash<5)
           {
           while(e>=0)
           {

               if(ex==1)
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
               else
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy - 2*dx;

           }
               if(ex==1)
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
               else
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy;

           pt::setco(x,y);
           pt::draw();
           i = i + 1;
           dash = dash +1;
           }
           else
           {
           x = x + 2*s1;
           y = y + 2*s2;
           }
       }while(i<=dx);

    }

void drawdo() //Dotted Line
    {
       float x,y,dx,dy,e,temp;
       int i,s1,s2,ex, dot=0;

       dx=abs(x2-xco);
       dy=abs(y2-yco);

       x=xco;
       y=yco;

       pt::setco(x,y);
       pt::draw();

       if(x2 > xco) //sign() function
       {
           s1=1;
       }

       if(x2 < xco)
       {
           s1=-1;
       }
                if(x2 == xco)
       {
           s1=0;
       }

       if(y2 > yco)
       {
           s2=1;
       }

       if(y2 < yco)
       {
           s2=-1;
       }
                if(y2 == yco)
       {
           s2=0;
       }

       if(dy > dx)
       {
           temp = dx;
              dx = dy;
              dy = temp;
              ex = 1;
       }
       else
       {
           ex=0;
       }

       e=2*dy-dx; //decision variable

       i=1;
       do
       {
           dot=0;
           while(dot<5)
           {
           while(e>=0)
           {

               if(ex==1)
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
               else
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy - 2*dx;

           }
           if(ex==1)
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
               else
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy;

           pt::setco(x,y);
           pt::draw();
           i = i + 1;
           dot = dot +1;
           }

       }while(i<=dx);

    }

void drawth(int x1,int y1, int x2, int y2,int colour ) //Thick Line
    {
       float x,y,dx,dy,e,temp;
       int i,s1,s2,ex;

       dx=abs(x2-xco);
       dy=abs(y2-yco);

       x=xco;
       y=yco;

       pt::setco(x,y);
       pt::draw();

       if(x2 > xco) //sign() function
       {
           s1=1;
       }

       if(x2 < xco)
       {
           s1=-1;
       }
                if(x2 == xco)
       {
           s1=0;
       }

       if(y2 > yco)
       {
           s2=1;
       }

       if(y2 < yco)
       {
           s2=-1;
       }
                if(y2 == yco)
       {
           s2=0;
       }

       if(dy > dx)
       {
           temp = dx;
              dx = dy;
              dy = temp;
              ex = 1;
       }
       else
       {
           ex=0;
       }

       e=2*dy-dx; //decision variable

       i=1;
       do
       {
           while(e>=0)
           {

               if(ex==1)
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
               else
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy - 2*dx;

           }
           if(ex==1)
               {
                   y = y + s2;
               }
               else
               {
                   x = x + s1;
               }
           e = e + 2*dy;

           pt::setco(x,y);
           pt::draw();
           i = i + 1;

       }while(i<=dx);    }
};
int main()
{

    int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    int i, ch,x1,y1,x2,y2, dx,dy,xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid,wx,wy,th;
    char a;
    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

    dline ls;
    xmax = getmaxx();
    ymax = getmaxy();
    xmid = xmax /2;
    ymid = ymax /2;

    line(xmid,0,xmid,ymax); //Y co-ordinate
    line(0,ymid,xmax,ymid); //X co-ordinate

do
{        xmax = getmaxx();
    ymax = getmaxy();
    xmid = xmax /2;
    ymid = ymax /2;

cout<<"\nEnter Line Styles";
cout<<"\n1.SIMPLE..";
cout<<"\n2.DASH..";
cout<<"\n3.DOTTED..";
cout<<"\n4.THICK..";
cout<<"\n5.EXIT..";
cout<<"\nEnter your choice: ";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
    cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;
    cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;
    cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;
    cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;
    ls.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);
    ls.drawsi();
        break;

case 2:
        cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;
    cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;
    cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;
    cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;
    ls.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);
    ls.drawda();
        break;

case 3:
    cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;
    cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;
    cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;
    cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;
    ls.setline(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2);
    ls.drawdo();
        break;

case 4:
        cout<<"\n Enter x1: "; cin>>x1;
    cout<<"\n Enter y1: "; cin>>y1;
    cout<<"\n Enter x2: "; cin>>x2;
    cout<<"\n Enter y2: "; cin>>y2;
    cout<<"Enter Thickness: ";
    cin>>th;
    ls.drawth(x1+xmid,ymid-y1,x2+xmid,ymid-y2,15);

       if((y2-y1)/(x2-x1) <1)
        {
           wy=(th-1)*sqrt(pow((x2-x1),2)+pow((y2-y1),2))/(2*abs(x2-x1));
           for(i=0;i<wy;i++)
           {
               ls.drawth(x1+xmid,ymid-y1-i,x2+xmid,ymid-y2-i,15);
               ls.drawth(x1+xmid,ymid-y1+i,x2+xmid,ymid-y2+i,15);
           }
       }
       else
       {
           wx=(th-1)*sqrt(pow((x2-x1),2)+pow((y2-y1),2))/(2*abs(y2-y1));
           for(i=0;i<wx;i++)
           {
               ls.drawth(x1+xmid-i,ymid-y1,x2+xmid-i,ymid-y2,15);
               ls.drawth(x1+xmid+i,ymid-y1,x2+xmid+i,ymid-y2,15);
           }

       }
        break;
case 5:
        exit;
    break;
}
cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";
cin>>a;
}while(a!='n');
    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 07

//Write a program in Java/ Python to draw a line with line style (Thick, Thin, Dotted).
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class Lines extends JFrame{
    public Lines(){
        super("Line Styles");
        setSize(400,400);
        setVisible(true);
    }

    Stroke[] linestyles=new Stroke[]{
        new BasicStroke(1.0f, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT, BasicStroke.JOIN_BEVEL),
        new BasicStroke(25.0f, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER),
        new BasicStroke(1.0f, BasicStroke.CAP_ROUND, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND),};

    Stroke thindashed=new BasicStroke(2.0f,BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,BasicStroke.JOIN_BEVEL,1.0f, new float[]                                   {8.0f,3.0f,2.0f,3.0f},0.0f);
    final static float dash1[]={10.0f};
    final static BasicStroke dashed =new BasicStroke(1.0f, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER, 10.0f, dash1, 0.0f);

    final static float thick1[]={10.0f};
    final static BasicStroke thickdash =new BasicStroke(10.0f, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER, 10.0f, thick1, 0.0f);

    public void paint(Graphics g){
        int xpoints[]={220,350,350,220};
        int ypoints[]={220,220,320,320};
        int npoints=4;

        int xpoints1[]={60,120,180};
        int ypoints1[]={320,220,320};
        int npoints1=3;

        Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
        super.paint(g);

        ((Graphics2D)g).setStroke(dashed);
        g.setColor(Color.red);
        g2d.drawLine(50,50,200,50);
        g2d.setColor(Color.black);
        g.drawString("Dashed Line", 210,55);

        ((Graphics2D)g).setStroke(thindashed);
        g.setColor(Color.blue);
        g2d.drawLine(50,90,200,90);
        g2d.setColor(Color.black);
        g.drawString("Thin Dashed Line", 210,95);

        ((Graphics2D)g).setStroke(thickdash);
        g.setColor(Color.green);
        g2d.drawLine(50,130,200,130);
        g2d.setColor(Color.black);
        g.drawString("Thick Dashed Line", 210,135);

        ((Graphics2D)g).setStroke(linestyles[0]);
        g.setColor(Color.red);
        g2d.drawLine(50,170,200,170);
        g2d.setColor(Color.black);
        g.drawString("Line", 210,175);

        }

    public static void main(String[] args){
        Lines application = new Lines();
        application.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    }
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 08

//Write a C/C++ program to draw a convex polygons (Square, Rectangle, Triangle).

#include<iostream>
#include<graphics.h>
using namespace std;

class dline
{
    protected: int x1,y1,x2,y2;
    public:
    dline()
    {
        x1=0,y1=0,x2=0,y2=0;
    }
    void step1()
    {
        cout<<"\n Enter x1: ";cin>>x1;
        cout<<"\n Enter y1: ";cin>>y1;
    }
    void step2()
    {
        cout<<"\n Enter x2: ";cin>>x2;
        cout<<"\n Enter y2: ";cin>>y2;
    }
    void drawl()
    {
        float x,y,dx,dy,len;
        int i;

        dx=abs(x2-x1);
        dy=abs(y2-y1);

        if(dx >= dy)
        {

            len=dx;
        }
        else
        {
            len=dy;
        }

        dx=(x2-x1)/len;
        dy=(y2-y1)/len;

        x = x1 + 0.5;
        y = y1 + 0.5;

        i=1;

        while(i<=len)
        {
            putpixel(x,y,15);
            x = x + dx;
            y = y + dy;
            i = i + 1;
        }

        putpixel(x,y,15);

    }
};

class rect: public dline //Rectangle
{
    private: int w,l;
    public:
    void setrect()
    {
        dline::step1();
        cout<<"\n Enter width: ";cin>>w;
        cout<<"\n Enter length: ";cin>>l;
    }
    void drawrect()
    {
        x2=x1;
        y2=y1+w;
        dline::drawl(); //left

        x2=x1+l;
        y2=y1;
        dline::drawl(); //top

        x1=x1;
        y1=y1+w;
        x2=x1+l;
        y2=y1;
        dline::drawl(); //bottom

        x1=x1+l;
        y1=y1-w;
        x2=x1;
        y2=y1+w;
        dline::drawl(); //right
    }
};

class square: public dline //Square
{
    private: int l;
    public:
    void setsquare()
    {
        dline::step1();
        cout<<"\n Enter length: ";cin>>l;
    }
    void drawsquare()
    {
        x2=x1;
        y2=y1+l;
        dline::drawl(); //left

        x2=x1+l;
        y2=y1;
        dline::drawl(); //top

        x1=x1;
        y1=y1+l;
        x2=x1+l;
        y2=y1;
        dline::drawl(); //bottom

        x1=x1+l;
        y1=y1-l;
        x2=x1;
        y2=y1+l;
        dline::drawl(); //right
    }
};

class triangle: public dline //Triangle
{
    private: int x3,y3;
    public:
    void settri()
    {
        dline::step1();
        dline::step2();
        cout<<"\n Enter x3: ";cin>>x3;
        cout<<"\n Enter y3: ";cin>>y3;
    }
    void drawtri()
    {
        int tempx,tempy;
        dline::drawl();

        tempx=x2;
        x2=y2;
        x2=x3;
        y2=y3;
        dline::drawl();

        x1=tempx;
        y1=tempy;
        dline::drawl();
    }
};

int main()
{

    int gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    int i, x, y, r,ch, xmax,ymax,xmid,ymid;
    char a;
    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

    rect r1;
    square s;
    triangle t;
    do
    {
     cout<<"\nChoose polygon to draw";
     cout<<"\n1.Rectangle..";
     cout<<"\n2.Square..";
     cout<<"\n3.Triangle..";
     cout<<"\n4.EXIT..";
     cout<<"\nEnter your choice: ";
    cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
    {
    r1.setrect();
    r1.drawrect();
    break;
    }
case 2:
        {
    s.setsquare();
    s.drawsquare();
    break;
    }

case 3:
    {
    t.settri();
    t.drawtri();
    delay(3000);
    break;
    }
case 4:
        exit;
    break;
}
cout<<"\nDO U Want To Continue y OR n: ";
cin>>a;
}while(a!='n');
    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 09

//Write a C/C++ program to draw a convex polygons (Square, Rectangle, Triangle) using programmable edges.
#include<iostream>
#include<graphics.h>
using namespace std;

class dline
{
    protected: int x1,y1,x2,y2;
    public:
    dline()
    {
       x1=0,y1=0,x2=0,y2=0;
    }

    void drawl()
    {
       float x,y,dx,dy,len;
       int i;

       dx=abs(x2-x1);
       dy=abs(y2-y1);

       if(dx >= dy)
       {

           len=dx;
       }
       else
       {
           len=dy;
       }

       dx=(x2-x1)/len;
       dy=(y2-y1)/len;

       x = x1 + 0.5;
       y = y1 + 0.5;

       i=1;

       while(i<=len)
       {
           putpixel(x,y,15);
           x = x + dx;
           y = y + dy;
           i = i + 1;
       }

       putpixel(x,y,15);

    }
};

class poly: public dline //poly
{
    private: int a[10][2],p;
    public:
    void setpts(int i)
    {
       int j;
       for(j=0;j<i;j++)
       {
       cout<<"\n Enter x-coordinate: "<<j<<":";cin>>a[j][0];
       cout<<"\n Enter y-coordinate: "<<j<<":";cin>>a[j][1];
       }
    }
    void drawpoly(int i)
    {
       int j;
       x1=a[0][0];
       y1=a[0][1];
       x2=a[1][0];
       y2=a[1][1];
       dline::drawl();

       for(j=0;j<i-1;j++)
       {
       x1=a[j][0];
       y1=a[j][1];
       x2=a[j+1][0];
       y2=a[j+1][1];
       dline::drawl();
       }

       x1=a[j][0];
       y1=a[j][1];
       x2=a[0][0];
       y2=a[0][1];
       dline::drawl();
    }
};

int main()
{
    int n ,gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX;
    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

    poly shape;

    cout<<"\nEnter number of slides: "; cin>>n;
    shape.setpts(n);
    shape.drawpoly(n);
    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 10

//Aim:Write a program in Java to draw a concave polygon.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class Polygon extends JFrame{
   public Polygon(){
       super("Draw Square, Rectangle, Polygon");
       setSize(400,400);
       setVisible(true);
   }

   public void paint(Graphics g){
       int xpoints[]={55,145,55,145,55};
       int ypoints[]={55,55,145,145,55};
       int npoints=5;

       int xpoints1[]={250,300,350};
       int ypoints1[]={100,50,100};
       int npoints1=3;

       Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
       super.paint(g);
       g.setColor(Color.red);
       g.drawRect(55,150,90,150);
       g.drawRect(150,150,200,200);
       g2d.setColor(Color.blue);
       g2d.drawLine(150,150,150,150);
       g.drawPolygon(xpoints,ypoints,npoints);
       g.drawPolygon(xpoints1,ypoints1,npoints1);
       }

   public static void main(String[] args){
       Polygon application = new Polygon();
       application.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
   }
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 11

// Write a C/C++ program to fill polygon using scan line algorithm.

//Scan line algorithm for filling polygon
#include<iostream>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
using namespace std;

struct edge
{
    int x1,y1,x2,y2,flag;
};

int main()
{
    int n,i,j,k,gd=DETECT,gm=VGAMAX, x[10],y[10],ymax=0,ymin=480,yy,temp;
    struct edge ed[10],temped;
    float dx,dy,m[10],x_int[10],inter_x[10];
    initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);

     cout<<"\n Enter the number of vertices of the graph: "; cin>>n;
     cout<<"\n Enter the vertices: \n";
    for(i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        cout<<"x"<<i<<":"; cin>>x[i];
        cout<<"y"<<i<<":"; cin>>y[i];
        if(y[i]>ymax)
            ymax=y[i];
        if(y[i]<ymin)
            ymin=y[i];
        ed[i].x1=x[i];
        ed[i].y1=y[i];
    }

    for(i=0;i<n-1;i++) //store the edge information
    {
        ed[i].x2=ed[i+1].x1;
        ed[i].y2=ed[i+1].y1;
        ed[i].flag=0;
    }
        ed[i].x2=ed[0].x1;
        ed[i].y2=ed[0].y1;
        ed[i].flag=0;

    for(i=0;i<n-1;i++) //check for y1>y2 if not interchange it
    {
        if(ed[i].y1<ed[i].y2)
        {
        temp=ed[i].x1;
        ed[i].x1=ed[i].x2;
        ed[i].x2=temp;
        temp=ed[i].y1;
        ed[i].y1=ed[i].y2;
        ed[i].y2=temp;
        }
    }
    for(i=0;i<n;i++) //draw polygon
    {
        line(ed[i].x1,ed[i].y1,ed[i].x2,ed[i].y2);
    }

    for(i=0;i<n-1;i++) //storing the edges as y1,y2,x1
    {
        for(j=0;j<n-1;j++)
        {
            if(ed[j].y1<ed[j+1].y1)
            {
            temped=ed[j];
            ed[j]=ed[j+1];
            ed[j+1]=temped;
            }
            if(ed[j].y1==ed[j+1].y1)
            {
                if(ed[j].y2<ed[j+1].y2)
                {
                    temped=ed[j];
                    ed[j]=ed[j+1];
                    ed[j+1]=temped;
                }
                if(ed[j].y2==ed[j+1].y2)
                {
                    if(ed[j].x1<ed[j+1].x1)
                    {
                    temped=ed[j];
                    ed[j]=ed[j+1];
                    ed[j+1]=temped;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    for(i=0;i<n;i++) //calculate 1/slope
    {
        dx=ed[i].x2-ed[i].x1;
        dy=ed[i].y2-ed[i].y1;
        if(dy==0)
            m[i]=0;
        else
            m[i]=dx/dy;
        inter_x[i]=ed[i].x1;

    }
    yy=ymax;
    while(yy>ymin) //Mark active edges
    {
        for(i=0;i<n;i++)
        {
            if(yy>ed[i].y2 && yy<=ed[i].y1 && ed[i].y1!=ed[i].y2)
                ed[i].flag=1;
            else
                ed[i].flag=0;
        }


    j=0;
    for(i=0;i<n;i++) //Finding x intersections
    {
        if(ed[i].flag==1)
        {
            if(yy==ed[i].y1)
            {
                x_int[j]=ed[i].x1;
                j++;
                if(ed[i-1].y1==yy&&ed[i-1].y1<yy)
                {
                    x_int[j]=ed[i].x1;
                    j++;
                }
                if(ed[i+1].y1==yy&&ed[i+1].y1<yy)
                {
                    x_int[j]=ed[i].x1;
                    j++;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                x_int[j]=inter_x[i]+(-m[i]);
                inter_x[i]=x_int[j];
                j++;
            }
        }
    }

    for(i=0;i<j;i++) //sorting the x intersections
    {
        for(k=0;k<j-1;k++)
        {
            if(x_int[k]>x_int[k+1])
            {
            temp=x_int[k];
            x_int[k]=x_int[k+1];
            x_int[k+1]=temp;
            }
        }
    }

    for(i=0;i<j;i+=2) //Extracting x values to draw a line
    {
        line(x_int[i],yy,x_int[i+1],yy);
    }
    yy--;
   } //end of while loop
    delay(3000);
    getch();
    closegraph();
    return 0;
}

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment no: 12

//Aim: Draw a line using OpenGL

#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
const float PI=3.14;

void LineWithDDA(int x0,int y0,int x1,int y1)
{
    glPointSize(2.0);
    glBegin(GL_POINTS);
    glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);

    int dx,dy,steps,i;
    float x,y;
    float xinc,yinc;

    dy=y1-y0;
    dx=x1-x0;
    y=y0;
    x=x0;
    if(abs(dx)>=abs(dy))
    {
        steps=dx;
    }
    else
    {
        steps=dy;
    }
    xinc=(float)dx/steps;
    yinc=(float)dy/steps;
    glVertex2d(x,y);
    for(i=1;i<steps;i++)
    {
        x+=xinc;
        y+=yinc;
        x0=floor(x);
        y0=floor(y);
        glVertex2d(x,y);
    }
    glEnd();
}

void init(void)
{
    glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glOrtho(0,800,0,600,0,600);
}
void display(void)
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    LineWithDDA(0,0,800,600);
    LineWithDDA(0,600,800,0);
    LineWithDDA(0,300,800,300);
    LineWithDDA(400,0,400,600);
    LineWithDDA(0,150,800,450);
    LineWithDDA(0,450,800,150);
    LineWithDDA(200,0,600,600);
    LineWithDDA(600,0,200,600);
    glutSwapBuffers();
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc,argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowSize(800,600);
    glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
    glutCreateWindow("DDA Line Drawing!");
    init();
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
const float PI=3.14;
int sign(float arg)
{
    if(arg<0)
    {
        return -1;
    }
    else if(arg==0)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        return 1;
    }
}
void LineWithBrasenham(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)
{
    glPointSize(2.0);
    glBegin(GL_POINTS);
    glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);

    int s1,s2,exchange,y,x,i;
    float dx,dy,g,temp;
    dx=abs(x2-x1);
    dy=abs(y2-y1);
    x=x1;
    y=y1;
    s1=sign(x2-x1);
    s2=sign(y2-y1);
    if(dy>dx)
    {
        temp=dx;
        dx=dy;
        dy=temp;
        exchange=1;
    }
    else
    {
        exchange=0;
    }
    g=2*dy-dx;
    i=1;
    while(i<=dx)
    {
        glVertex2d(x,y);
        while(g>=0)
        {
            if(exchange==1)
            {
                x=x+s1;
            }
            else
            {
                y=y+s2;
            }
            g=g-2*dx;
        }
        if(exchange==1)
        {
            y=y+s2;
        }
        else
        {
            x=x+s1;
        }
        g=g+2*dy;
        i++;
    }

    glEnd();
}

void init(void)
{
    glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glOrtho(0,800,0,600,0,600);
}
void display(void)
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    LineWithBrasenham(100,300,700,300);
    LineWithBrasenham(400,100,400,500);
    glutSwapBuffers();
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc,argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowSize(800,600);
    glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
    glutCreateWindow("Brasenham Line Drawing!");
    init();
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;
}

..................................................................................................................................

Advanced Graphics tool: Maya
HOW TO INSTALL MAYA2012X64BIT in Ubuntu

Step 1
Download Autodesk Maya 2012 Hotfix 4 from here.
or copy following link , paste in browser and press enter
http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/ps/dl/item?siteID=123112&id=17478798&linkID=9242259
Step 2
We have to install required packages. Open Terminal and paste these codes:

sudo apt-get install csh tcsh libglw1-mesa libglw1-mesa-dev mesa-utils libaudiofile-dev libaudiofile0 libaudiofile0-dbg elfutils gamin libxp6 libxpm4 libxt6 libxp6 libxmu6 libxau6 libxinerama1 libxprintapputil1 libxprintutil1 xfs xfstt ttf-liberation ttf-mscorefonts-installer xfonts-100dpi xfonts-75dpi alien

Step 3
Copy the downloaded tar file (autodesk_maya_2012_english_linux_64bit_hf4.tgz) in /home/Username/Maya2012_setup
Step 4
Go to terminal and type:

cd /home/username/maya2012_setup

Step 5

tar -zxvf utodesk_maya_2012_english_linux_64bit_hf4.tgz

Step 6
For i in *.rpm; do sudo alien -cv $i; done
Step 7

sudo dpkg -i adlmapps4_4.0.35-1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i adlmflexnetserver_4.0.35-1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i adlmflexnetclient_4.0.35-1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i maya2012-0-64_2012.0-327_amd64.deb

Step 8
Create a temporary folder for Maya:

sudo mkdir /usr/tmp
sudo chmod 777 /usr/tmp

Step 9

$ sudo sh -c “echo ‘setenv LC_ALL en_US.UTF-8′ >> /usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64/bin/maya2012″

Step 10

$ /usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64/bin/licensechooser /usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64/ standalone unlimited

Step 11
Export a couple of variables

sudo -i
export MAYA_LOCATION=/usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/Autodesk/Adlm/R4/lib64/

Step 12
Pass the serial number and the product key to Maya

/usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64/bin/adlmreg -i S 657D1 657D1 2012.0.0.F serial_number /var/opt/Autodesk/Adlm/Maya2012/MayaConfig.pit

Step 13
Navigate to our Maya2012_setup folder

cd /home/Username/Maya2012_setup

Step 14
Create a file named mayaInstall.c in Maya2012_setup. Open it with your text editor and paste this line:

int main (void) {return 0;}

Save and compile it with this command:

gcc mayainstall.c

Now you should have a file called a.out. Backup your /usr/bin/rpm with this command:

sudo mv /usr/bin/rpm /usr/bin/rpm_backup

and replace rpm with a.out:

sudo cp a.out /usr/bin/rpm

Step 15
Type following command:

./setup

This will start setup, deselect DMM, backburner and go next
Use these serial:

serial      :666-42943644
product key :657D1

Step 16

cd /usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64/lib/
ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtiff.so.4.3.4 /usr/lib/libtiff.so.3
ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libssl.so.0.9.8 /usr/lib/libssl.so.6

Step 17
Open /usr/autodesk/maya2012-x64/bin/maya2012 with a text editor and add the command

setenv LC_ALL C

After this line

setenv LIBQUICKTIME_PLUGIN_DIR "$MAYA_LOCATION/lib"

Step 18
Go to terminal and type:

maya

Enjoy Maya and make cool effects and Animations.